Industry Information

How open banking affect credit bureaus in Nigeria

Last updated December 30, 2025

Eseose Animhiaga

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Every loan approval, rejection, restructuring, or default eventually traces back to the quality of data credit bureaus hold. Yet for years, that data has been incomplete, slow to update, and heavily skewed toward a narrow group of borrowers who already operate within formal credit channels.

Open banking enters this picture at a time when lenders are under pressure to expand access without increasing risk. As Nigerian regulators push forward with open banking frameworks and banks begin sharing customer data through APIs, credit bureaus are bound to face a shift in how credit information is created, enriched, and consumed. This shift does not remove the relevance of credit bureaus. It will however reshape how they fit into the broader credit decision process.

For lenders and credit providers across Africa, especially those operating in Nigeria, understanding this interaction matters, as it affects underwriting models, reporting obligations, compliance workflows, and long-term portfolio quality.

This article breaks down how open banking is already influencing credit bureaus in Nigeria, what lenders are seeing today, and how the relationship between open banking and credit reporting is likely to evolve in the near future.

Where credit bureaus currently stand in Nigeria

Nigeria operates a licensed credit bureau system regulated by the Central Bank of Nigeria. At present, three major credit bureaus (CRC, FirstCentral, CreditRegistry) dominate the market. Their role is straightforward on paper. They collect credit data from lenders, maintain borrower credit files, and provide reports that lenders use during underwriting and monitoring.

In practice, several structural issues limit how effective this system has been.

First, credit penetration remains low. A large portion of the adult population has never taken a formal loan. Many borrowers operate fully outside traditional banking products or rely on informal credit. As a result, millions of Nigerians either have thin credit files or no credit file at all.

Second, credit data updates are slow. Loan performance information does not always flow in real time. Delays occur between repayment events and bureau updates, which affects how current a borrower’s credit report appears at the point of decision making.

Third, bureau data focuses mainly on loan outcomes. It tells a lender what happened after credit was granted, but it offers limited insight into a borrower’s day-to-day financial behaviour, income consistency, or spending patterns.

These gaps do not mean credit bureaus have failed. They reflect the reality of building credit infrastructure in a market where formal borrowing is still developing. Open banking adds a new layer of financial data that directly addresses some of these gaps.

What open banking introduces into the credit data conversation

Open banking allows customers to share their bank account data with third parties through regulated APIs, subject to consent. In Nigeria, the Central Bank’s open banking framework sets the rules for how banks expose this data and how licensed participants can access it.

From a lending perspective, the most relevant data includes transaction history, account balances, income inflows, account ownership details, and sometimes recurring payment behaviour.

This type of data differs from traditional bureau data in meaningful ways.

It is continuous rather than periodic. It reflects what is happening in a borrower’s account now, not what happened several months ago.

It captures financial behaviour beyond loans. Salaries, business income, rent payments, utility spending, and merchant transactions all appear in bank statements, even when no credit product exists.

It supports real-time verification. Lenders can confirm income claims, validate employment patterns, and detect inconsistencies without relying solely on self-reported documents.

For lenders that already query credit bureaus, open banking data becomes an additional input rather than a replacement. It fills informational gaps that bureaus were never designed to address on their own.

How lenders are already using open banking alongside credit bureaus

In the Nigerian market today, many digital lenders already rely on bank statement analysis, even before full open banking implementation. These processes are often manual or semi-automated, involving uploaded PDFs and third-party analysis tools.

Open banking formalizes and improves this process.

With API access, lenders can pull transaction data directly from a borrower’s bank after consent. This data feeds into underwriting models, affordability checks, and risk scoring.

Credit bureaus still play their role at this stage. Lenders continue to pull bureau reports to check for existing obligations, defaults, delinquency patterns, and prior loan behaviour.

What changes is how decisions are made.

Instead of rejecting an applicant because a bureau file is empty, lenders can assess income stability, cash flow patterns, and expense behaviour through bank data. If a loan is approved, that loan later flows back into the bureau system through mandatory reporting.

This creates a feedback loop. Open banking helps more borrowers access credit. Credit bureaus record those new credit events. Over time, bureau coverage improves as more people enter the formal credit system.

The impact on borrowers with limited or no credit history

One of the most immediate effects of open banking on credit bureaus shows up among borrowers who previously sat outside the bureau system.

These borrowers include young professionals, informal workers with bank accounts, small traders, freelancers, and first-time borrowers. Many earn regular income but have never taken a formal loan.

Under traditional bureau-only underwriting, these borrowers often appear invisible. Their credit reports return no data, which increases lender caution.

With open banking, lenders can evaluate financial behaviour even when bureau files are empty. If credit is extended, that loan becomes the borrower’s first bureau record.

From the bureau’s perspective, this gradually expands the population covered by credit reporting. From the lender’s perspective, it allows controlled expansion without relying on guesswork.

This process does not eliminate risk. It shifts how risk is assessed by combining behavioural data with formal credit records.

What this means for credit bureaus themselves

Credit bureaus in Nigeria are not being pushed aside by open banking. Their relevance remains tied to regulatory requirements and industry trust.

However, their operating environment is changing.

First, data volume is likely to increase. As more lenders use open banking to approve loans, more credit events flow into bureau databases. This improves coverage across borrower segments that were previously underrepresented.

Second, expectations around data freshness will rise. When lenders become accustomed to real-time account data, they also begin to expect faster bureau updates. Delays that were once tolerated may attract more scrutiny.

Third, bureaus may need to evolve their products. While core credit reports remain essential, there is growing demand for analytics that integrate behavioural signals, risk trends, and portfolio insights rather than static reports alone.

Some bureaus may explore partnerships with open banking providers or data aggregators. Others may focus on improving reporting pipelines and reducing update delays. The direction each bureau takes will shape how competitive they remain.

Reporting obligations do not disappear

It is important for lenders to understand that open banking does not change regulatory reporting requirements.

Loans must still be reported to licensed credit bureaus in line with Central Bank rules. Open banking data does not replace this obligation.

What open banking changes is the ease with which lenders can manage these processes. Lending platforms increasingly automate bureau reporting as part of loan lifecycle management. This reduces human error and improves data consistency.

For lenders operating across multiple products or regions, automation becomes particularly important. Accurate and timely reporting protects portfolio integrity and reduces disputes.

In this context, open banking indirectly supports bureau accuracy by enabling better loan origination decisions and cleaner data pipelines.

Near-term trends lenders should expect

In the short to medium term, several trends are already emerging in Nigeria.

More lenders are embedding open banking into underwriting flows. This includes salary verification, affordability checks, and transaction-based risk scoring.

Credit bureaus are receiving higher volumes of loan data from digital lenders who previously operated at smaller scale.

Borrowers are becoming more familiar with consent-based data sharing, especially among mobile-first users.

Risk models are becoming more data-rich. Lenders are combining bureau scores with cash flow metrics rather than relying on a single indicator.

At the same time, regulators are paying close attention to data privacy, consent management, and security. Compliance expectations remain high, and lenders must treat open banking data with the same discipline as traditional credit information.

Long-term implications for the Nigerian credit system

Over time, the interaction between open banking and credit bureaus is likely to reshape how creditworthiness is defined.

Credit histories will become more representative of real financial behaviour rather than limited borrowing outcomes.

Borrowers who maintain stable income and responsible spending patterns may build credit faster, even with limited borrowing history.

Credit bureaus may move toward richer segmentation and portfolio analytics as their datasets expand.

Lenders that fail to integrate open banking risk falling behind competitors who assess risk with greater depth and precision.

None of this removes the need for sound credit judgment. Data quality, interpretation, and governance remain central to lending outcomes. Open banking simply widens the lens through which lenders view borrower risk.

Why this matters for lenders across Africa

Nigeria often sets the tone for financial innovation across West Africa and beyond. As open banking matures locally, similar patterns are likely to appear in other African markets.

For lenders operating across borders, the lessons from Nigeria are instructive.

Credit bureaus remain foundational. Open banking enhances decision making rather than replacing reporting infrastructure.

Markets with low credit penetration benefit significantly from behavioural data.

Early investment in data integration and automation pays off in portfolio quality and operational efficiency.

For African lenders navigating growth, compliance, and risk management, understanding this relationship early provides a strategic advantage.

Where this leaves Nigerian lenders

Open banking is adding depth to how credit decisions are made in Nigeria, while credit bureaus continue to anchor formal reporting and accountability. Lenders now have access to behavioural data that helps explain what sits behind a bureau record, especially for borrowers with limited history.

For lending teams, the focus should be on using both data sources together. Bureau reports still guide compliance and shared risk visibility. Open banking data supports better judgment at the point of origination and during monitoring.

As adoption increases, lenders that integrate these data flows early will find it easier to scale credit responsibly without weakening portfolio quality.