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What collateral options exists for business loans

Last updated January 30, 2026

Chibugo Ohanyiri

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When you start looking for a business loan you quickly realize that lenders aren’t just looking at your credit score or your revenue because they want a safety net that exists outside of your promises. Collateral is that safety net and it basically functions as a hostage situation for your assets where the bank holds onto something you value until you’ve paid back every cent of their money.

Most people think this just means putting up their house or a heavy piece of machinery but the reality of the lending market in 2026 is much more expansive and honestly a bit more intrusive than that. You are going to encounter a variety of options ranging from the physical things you can touch like buildings and inventory to the invisible things like your intellectual property or the money your customers haven’t even paid you yet.

Navigating these choices requires you to understand that not all collateral is treated equally by a bank because they are constantly calculating how hard it would be to sell your stuff if you stopped answering their calls.

If you choose the wrong asset to pledge you might find yourself with a loan that has a low interest rate but puts your entire personal life at risk or you might end up with a high-interest loan because the bank thinks your inventory is basically junk. This article shows you what collateral options exist for you as a business owner.

The traditional anchor of commercial real estate

If you own the building where your business operates or perhaps you own some residential property on the side you have the strongest leverage possible in a negotiation with a lender. Real estate is the gold standard for collateral because it doesn’t move and it rarely loses all its value overnight which is why banks will offer you the highest loan-to-value ratios on these assets.

You can typically expect a lender to give you between 70% and 80% of the appraised value of the property and they will likely give you the longest repayment terms because they feel safe. The catch here is that you are tying up your most significant asset in a way that makes it impossible to sell or refine without the bank’s permission for the duration of the loan.

If the market takes a downturn and the value of your property drops you might find yourself in a situation where you owe more than the building is worth which can trigger clauses in your loan agreement that you weren’t prepared for. You also have to deal with the slow pace of appraisals and environmental audits which means if you need money quickly real estate is rarely the way to get it.

Equipment and machinery as self-securing assets

When you buy a large piece of equipment like a printing press or a delivery truck or even a specialized medical device the asset itself usually serves as the collateral for the loan used to buy it. This is often called equipment financing and it is relatively straightforward because the lender knows exactly what the item is worth on the secondary market.

They will look at the serial number and the manufacturer and the expected lifespan of the machine to determine how much they are willing to lend you. Because equipment depreciates the moment you start using it, lenders are usually more conservative here than they are with real property so you might only get 50% to 75% of the purchase price.

The benefit for you is that the risk is somewhat contained to that specific piece of gear so if your business fails and you can’t pay the loan the bank just comes and takes the machine away. However you have to be careful with specialized equipment that only a few people in the world use because if the bank thinks they can’t resell it easily they will either deny the loan or charge you a much higher interest rate to cover their risk.

The strategy of pledging accounts receivable

If your business operates on a B2B model where you send out invoices and wait 30 or 60 days for payment you are sitting on a pile of collateral that you might not be using. Lending against accounts receivable is a way to turn those unpaid bills into immediate cash flow.

The lender looks at the creditworthiness of your customers rather than just looking at you because they are the ones who are actually going to provide the funds to pay back the loan. This is a great option if you are growing fast and your cash is tied up in outstanding work but you need to be aware that it can be expensive.

Lenders will usually advance you about 70% to 90% of the invoice value and they will keep a close eye on your aging report to make sure your customers aren’t falling behind. If your customers have a habit of paying late or if you have a few big clients that make up all of your revenue the lender might see this as too risky because one bad debt could sink your ability to repay the loan.

Inventory as a volatile form of security

Using your inventory as collateral is common in retail and manufacturing but it is often the most frustrating asset to value from a borrower’s perspective. Lenders do not care what you plan to sell your products for because they only care about what they could get for them at a liquidator’s auction.

If you have $1 million worth of high-end sneakers sitting in a warehouse a bank might only value that at $300,000 because they know they’d have to offload it quickly to a wholesaler. Perishable goods or fast-moving consumer trends make for terrible collateral because their value can vanish in weeks.

If you are trying to use inventory to secure a loan you should expect frequent audits where the lender sends someone to your warehouse to literally count boxes and check for damage. It is a labor-intensive process for both parties and it often results in lower loan amounts and higher interest rates compared to more stable assets like equipment or cash.

Blanket liens and the all-encompassing claim

If you go to an online lender or a fintech company for a general business loan they will almost certainly ask for a blanket lien. This isn’t a specific piece of collateral like a car or a house; instead it is a legal claim on every single asset your business owns now and everything it acquires in the future.

It is the most common way for lenders to protect themselves when they aren’t financing a specific purchase. The danger of a blanket lien is that it makes it very difficult for you to get any other financing in the future.

If you want to go to a different bank later to buy a piece of equipment they will see that your current lender already has a claim on everything and they might refuse to give you more money. You are essentially giving one lender total control over your balance sheet which is fine if things are going well but it can become a nightmare if you need to pivot or expand quickly.

Cash-backed loans and marketable securities

It might seem counterintuitive to take out a loan when you already have cash but many business owners use their savings or investment portfolios as collateral to get better terms. By pledging a Certificate of Deposit or a brokerage account full of stocks you can often get an interest rate that is only a few points above what you are earning on those investments.

This allows you to keep your capital invested and growing while still having access to liquidity for your business operations. Lenders love this because cash is the easiest thing to seize if you stop paying and they don’t have to worry about selling a building or a machine.

The risk for you is that if the stock market crashes the value of your collateral might fall below the required threshold which would force you to either put up more cash or see the lender liquidate your investments at a loss. It is a strategy built for people who have a strong balance sheet but want to preserve their long-term investment strategy.

The reality of personal guarantees

In almost every scenario involving a small to medium-sized business the lender is going to ask for a personal guarantee regardless of what physical collateral you provide. This means that if the business assets aren’t enough to cover the debt the lender can come after your personal bank accounts and your car and your home.

In the eyes of the bank the personal guarantee is the ultimate form of collateral because it ensures that you have “skin in the game” and won’t just walk away if the business gets tough. Many founders try to negotiate their way out of this but in 2026 it has become a standard requirement for anyone owning more than 20% of a company.

You have to look at this as a total commitment of your personal life to the success of the business. If you aren’t comfortable with that level of risk you might have to look at unsecured loans which come with much higher interest rates and much shorter repayment periods because the lender is taking on all of that risk themselves.

Making the right trade-off

Choosing the right collateral is a balancing act between the cost of the money and the level of risk you are willing to tolerate in your personal and professional life. You should always start by looking at assets that are directly tied to the purpose of the loan like using a truck to buy a truck because it keeps your other assets clean and available for future needs.

If you find yourself having to pledge your home or a blanket lien on your entire company you need to be incredibly confident in your cash flow projections because the consequences of a mistake are total.

Don’t just settle for the first offer that requires you to sign over your house if you have a strong roster of clients or valuable patents that could serve the same purpose. By understanding how a lender views your assets you can walk into a meeting and negotiate from a position of strength rather than just hoping they say yes to your application.